Top Career Paths for 21-Year-Olds Without Degrees


Intro
Entering the job market without a college degree can feel like a daunting task for many young adults. At the tender age of 21, individuals are brimming with potential, yet encountering obstacles in securing the right opportunities can be frustrating. In this article, we will explore viable career options available for those who have chosen not to pursue formal higher education. We will dive deep into various fields, highlight the necessary skills for different roles, evaluate geographical considerations, and outline the potential for career advancement in each sector.
While a degree can open doors, it is not the only way to build a fulfilling career. Many young people are navigating their professional lives without this traditional credential, finding success in industries that value experience, skills, and motivation over formal qualifications. By providing a robust examination of these possibilities, we aim to empower 21-year-olds to make informed decisions about their future, ensuring financial stability and personal growth without relying on the constraints of a degree.
This guide is tailored for those eager to roll up their sleeves and embark on their professional journey. So, let’s get started exploring the realm of career opportunities where determination and hard work make all the difference.
Understanding the Job Market for Young Adults
Understanding the job market is crucial for young adults navigating their career paths, especially if they do not have a college degree. The reality today is that the workforce is evolving, and opportunities are popping up in unexpected places. For a 21-year-old, being aware of these shifts can spell the difference between finding a fulfilling job and being stuck in a dead-end position.
One of the first elements to consider is the sheer volume of industries that now prioritize skills over formal education. Businesses are on the lookout for talent that can adapt and learn quickly instead of strictly adhering to traditional qualifications. This opens up doors for those willing to hustle and learn on the job. Employment trends indicate that many companies now offer training programs and apprenticeships that equip young workers with practical skills, making them job-ready without the need for a degree.
Current Trends in Employment
Employment trends today reflect a shift toward a gig economy. This model offers flexible work arrangements and can often lead to more job opportunities for 21-year-olds. Sectors such as technology, skilled trades, and customer service are thriving and consistently on the lookout for fresh talent willing to dive in. In areas like remote work, the digital landscape has allowed for job roles that don’t require a degree but do demand specific skills.
For instance, roles in e-commerce, such as being an online sales associate or working in digital marketing, have skyrocketed with the rise of online shopping. Many young adults have found successful careers in these fields by taking online courses or getting certifications that emphasize relevant skills. This adaptability is now more treasured by employers than merely having a diploma from college.
Further, job seekers today need to hone in on soft skills, such as communication and teamwork. These traits are often deemed essential in every professional setting, making them just as valuable, if not more so, than technical knowledge.
Importance of Skills Over Degrees
The landscape is witnessing a paradigm shift wherein skills have taken the front seat, relegating college degrees to the back. Young adults not bound by traditional educational paths can, and do, excel in career domains by showcasing specific skill sets that employers desperately seek.
Being proficient in technological tools, comfortable with data analysis, or having excellent management abilities can elevate a young individual’s appeal dramatically. Employers express increasing willingness to invest in training programs for candidates who demonstrate intrinsic motivation and the potential to successfully take on responsibilities. In some cases, soft skills plus a passion for learning can potentially outweigh a formal degree in the hiring decision.
"Skills are the new currency in the job market. The more you have, the more you can trade.
Expanded training programs and certifications can provide pathways to success for those who choose not to pursue traditional college education.”
For more about the evolving job market, check out resources like Wikipedia or Britannica.
Employment is out there, waiting for those willing to rise to the occasion.
Key Sectors Offering Opportunities
When discussing the career landscape for 21-year-olds without a degree, it becomes apparent that certain sectors have emerged as beacons of opportunity. These sectors not only cater to varied interests but also offer pathways that do not require formal education. Moreover, they often prioritize skills, experience, and a willingness to learn over traditional academic qualifications. This flexibility serves as a powerful motivator for young adults to dive into the workforce, enabling them to gain practical experience while earning a steady income.
Retail and Customer Service
Retail and customer service roles are among the most accessible opportunities for young adults stepping into the job market. From working as a sales associate in a bustling mall to being behind the counter at a local coffee shop, these positions provide invaluable experience in communication and interpersonal skills. Success in this area hinges on the ability to connect with customers, understand their needs, and offer solutions.
Furthermore, many companies in the retail sector offer part-time positions, making it easier to balance work with personal life.
"In retail, every interaction is a chance to make an impression, and often, it’s those impressions that build a career."
Trade Professions
Trade professions are another gold mine of opportunities. Fields such as plumbing, electrical work, and carpentry are not only high in demand but also allow for substantial earning potential right from the get-go. Apprenticeship programs abound, meaning young workers can earn while they learn the ins and outs of their chosen trade. These jobs require a hands-on approach, and it’s common for trainees to find great satisfaction in seeing tangible results from their labor.
Additionally, as younger workers build skills in these trades, they can quickly advance into higher-paying roles.
Hospitality and Food Services
The hospitality and food services industries remain steady options for those seeking employment without a degree. Restaurants, hotels, and event planning companies often seek enthusiastic staff willing to provide excellent service. Positions can range from server to event coordinator, offering flexibility in shifts that can accommodate varying schedules.
Working in these fields teaches teamwork, as well as the art of multitasking under pressure, both crucial skills for any career. The chance for tips in food service can also lead to surprisingly lucrative income on top of hourly wages.
Technology and IT Support
In an age dominated by technology, the demand for IT support continues to grow exponentially. Fortunately, this need has opened avenues for young adults to enter tech careers without requiring a college diploma. Roles such as help desk technician or technical support representative are often positioned as entry-level and are ideal for those with a knack for technology. Many tech companies provide training programs that equip young workers with necessary technical skills.
Embracing tech can lead to further specialization, making this sector especially compelling for motivated individuals seeking future growth.
Healthcare Support Roles
The healthcare industry is another promising sector where entry-level roles are available to those without formal degrees. Positions such as home health aides or medical assistants cater to those wanting to make an impact in people's lives. Many healthcare employers provide training programs to help applicants develop essential skills necessary for their roles.
For those who enjoy taking care of others, these careers not only provide a stable income but also a sense of purpose and fulfillment. With the right certifications, young individuals can easily advance into higher responsibility roles in the healthcare field.
Exploring Specific Job Roles


In the evolving job market, young adults are often left wondering which career lanes are open to them, especially if they haven't pursued a college degree. This section dives deep into specific job roles that are not only accessible but also hold considerable potential for growth. Emphasizing these roles helps illuminate pathways that may be less traveled by those with traditional educational backgrounds. Young job seekers should consider these opportunities, as they can lead to fulfilling careers without the often-daunting financial burden of college tuition.
Sales Associate Positions
Sales associate positions serve as some of the most common entry-level jobs available to 21-year-olds. Often found in retail, these roles offer new professionals the chance to develop essential communication skills and gain experience in customer interaction. The job primarily involves assisting customers, understanding their needs, and effectively conveying product information.
For many, starting as a sales associate can be a stepping stone to larger roles within a company. Many businesses provide internal training, allowing employees to move up the ladder. Additionally, the experience gained through face-to-face interactions often enhances personal growth, shaping a young person's ability to handle various situations. In this regard, these positions pay dividends well beyond the paycheck.
Starting in sales can sometimes open doors you didn't even know existed.
Construction Laborer Opportunities
Construction laborer opportunities are abundant for those willing to get their hands dirty. Not only is this field essential to the economy, but it also offers a chance to get involved in physically demanding work that doesn’t require formal qualifications. The construction industry values hands-on experience, which is often gained through apprenticeships or on-the-job training.
Many construction workers find the physical aspect of the job rewarding, contributing to both personal fitness and a sense of accomplishment. Plus, the demand for skilled labor continues to grow, meaning there are numerous chances for long-term employment and advancement into supervisory or specialist roles. It’s a gritty but rewarding pathway.
Food Service Worker Roles
The food service industry remains a vibrant sector ripe with opportunities for 21-year-olds. These roles can range from waitstaff to kitchen assistants, each requiring a different set of skills. Notably, experience in food service can be instrumental in developing teamwork abilities, time management, and the capacity to work under pressure.
As food service workers navigate the fast-paced environment of restaurants, they learn valuable life skills that translate well into nearly any professional setting. Moreover, many food establishments offer flexible hours, making it easier for individuals to balance work with other commitments.
Furthermore, roles in food service often include tips, which can substantially increase income, making it a financially viable option.
IT Help Desk Technicians
With technology playing a significant role in modern work, IT help desk technicians are in high demand. For 21-year-olds with an interest in tech, this is a viable entry point into the IT industry, often available with little more than some basic knowledge and a willingness to learn.
Help desk technicians typically assist users with technical difficulties, focusing on problem-solving and communication skills. This role provides a unique opportunity to gain insights into a range of technologies, preparing workers for potential advancement in fields like network administration or cybersecurity. Additionally, many companies offer certification courses that employees can take—either paid for or offered on the job—to enhance their technical skills.
Home Health Aide Positions
Home health aide positions stand out as one of the most rewarding yet often underappreciated roles available. These workers provide support to individuals with disabilities or elderly patients, helping them with daily activities. With an aging population, the demand for home health aides is projected to rise significantly.
This job role is particularly appealing for young adults who are empathetic and enjoy caring for others. While the position may not require a degree, it does necessitate training and sometimes certification, which can be completed within a short time frame. As home health aides gain experience, they can advance into specialized roles within healthcare, making it a pathway to a stable and meaningful career.
In summation, these specific job roles open vast opportunities for 21-year-olds without a degree. Each role provides unique experiences and skills, which pave the way for advancement, regardless of starting point. From retail to healthcare, the possibilities are extensive, encouraging young adults to explore and carve out their career paths based on their interests and aptitudes.
The Skills That Matter Most
In today’s fast-paced job market, especially for young adults stepping into the realm of work without a degree, certain skills can make all the difference. The focus here isn’t merely on what tasks one can perform but rather on the abilities that enable a person to thrive across various roles. As employers increasingly value practical skill sets over formal education credentials, mastering specific competencies can be the golden ticket to securing employment and advancing one's career.
Communication Skills
Effective communication forms the backbone of any successful career. Young adults looking for jobs should recognize that it is not just about how well they speak but also how they listen. Good communication isn’t simply about conveying thoughts clearly; it involves demonstrating understanding and empathy. Whether in retail, customer service, or in any collaborative environment, demonstrating these skills can significantly improve interactions with colleagues and clients alike.
- In interviews, articulate thoughts well, which creates a great impression.
- Building rapport with customers can lead to repeat business and loyalty.
- Learning to adapt communication styles to different audiences is vital.
For instance, a sales associate needs to engage with a diverse clientele. A genuine exchange can lead to higher satisfacttion. On the other hand, in technical support roles, an ability to explain complex issues in simpler terms can make or break the customer's experience.
Technical Proficiency
The demand for technically skilled individuals is on the rise. While many think of this skill set as being confined to IT or engineering, it stretches far and wide. Whether it’s operating basic software programs or using specialized machinery, having a foundational understanding of technology can enhance an individual’s employability.
Some important aspects include:
- Familiarity with everyday software like Microsoft Office or Google Workspace.
- Learning to navigate trade-specific tools and technologies, such as cash registers in retail or point-of-sale systems in restaurants.
- Basics of troubleshooting and maintenance can help those in service-based jobs.
For example, in healthcare support roles, knowing how to use specific medical software can provide an edge. Likewise, in technology support positions, understanding common systems can help troubleshoot and solve customer issues more effectively.
Customer Service Orientation
Customer service has become a critical factor in maintaining a competitive edge in many industries. Possessing a natural inclination towards helping others and an understanding of customer needs can significantly impact an individual’s career trajectory. It’s about recognizing that satisfied customers are likely to return and recommend services to others.


Key points to consider:
- Empathy is vital. Understanding a customer’s frustrations and providing support can change the game.
- Being proactive in addressing issues often results in a positive experience for customers.
- Adaptability in service approach can cater to various personalities and situations.
Further, in fields like retail and healthcare, where interactions with customers or patients are daily demonstrations of service, being customer-centric can promote better relationships and outcomes. It shapes a professional brand that stands out in a crowded marketplace.
"The ability to connect with others, adapt to their needs, and deliver support efficiently is invaluable. It can be what sets you apart in a competitive job landscape."
In summary, while many young adults may feel that not having a degree limits their opportunities, cultivating these fundamental skills—communication, technical proficiency, and customer service orientation—can vastly expand their career horizons. Each skill adds layers to a candidate’s profile, making them more appealing to employers. The journey doesn’t stop here; with a commitment to sharpening these competencies, individuals can create careers filled with potential and growth.
Geographical Considerations
The landscape of job opportunities often varies by location, presenting a vital aspect for young adults navigating their early career paths. Understanding these geographical considerations can enhance the job search experience and increase the chances of finding a suitable role. Whether one resides in a bustling city or a quiet rural area, the variety in job availability and the nature of employment can differ significantly.
Choosing where to look for work is not just about the jobs available; it's also about lifestyle and financial implications. Urban areas generally offer a broader array of job options, especially in sectors like retail, technology, and customer service. There's a certain vibrancy in cities that attracts startups and established companies alike. On the flip side, rural opportunities might be more limited but can provide a unique set of advantages, including a lower cost of living and stronger community ties.
Urban vs. Rural Opportunities
In urban settings, the abundance of businesses creates an environment ripe for employment. From bustling customer service jobs in cafes to the tech startups sprouting in innovation hubs, cities host diverse roles for 21-year-olds without degrees. Here’s a closer look:
- Vibrant job markets: Urban centers often showcase job fairs and networking events, presenting numerous avenues for job seekers.
- Training programs: Larger companies in cities usually have structured training plans aimed at entry-level workers, which can aid in skill development significantly.
- Accessibility issues: While opportunities are plentiful, competition can also be fierce. It requires a proactive approach to stand out.
For those considering rural areas, one might think job roles are scarce, but that isn’t necessarily true:
- Niche industries: Certain sectors like agriculture, tourism, or local craftsmanship can offer unique opportunities that urban roles might not.
- Cost of living: Generally, living expenses are lower in rural areas, allowing for more savings, and making entry-level salaries stretch further.
- Community engagement: Working in smaller towns often means closer relationships with coworkers and customers, leading to a more fulfilling work environment.
Regional Variations in Job Availability
Regional differences can have a dramatic impact on employment opportunities. It’s essential to do research on specific areas to understand the local job market dynamics. For instance:
- Tech hubs like Silicon Valley often have a high demand for IT support and tech-related jobs, making it ideal for those with technical skills.
- Tourist regions, such as Florida or Hawaii, frequently have openings in hospitality and customer service, especially during peak seasons.
- Industrial regions, such as the Midwest, may present job roles in manufacturing and construction.
In summary, understanding where to focus your job search can be as important as knowing what roles to pursue. Job seekers should not limit themselves to familiar grounds. Digging into the advantages and disadvantages of both urban and rural settings, along with regional variances, can lead to unexpected and fruitful career opportunities. The right geographical choice could ultimately pave the way to not just a job, but a fulfilling career, thereby encouraging young adults to take their first steps towards professional independence and growth.
Navigating Job Applications
When diving into the job market as a 21-year-old without a degree, understanding how to navigate job applications is key. The rules of the game have shifted, with employers placing more emphasis on skills and personal attributes rather than formal education credentials. Knowing how to present yourself effectively can open doors that might seem closed at first. This section will break down the essential elements of applying for jobs—how to put your best foot forward.
Crafting a Resumé Without Experience
Creating a resumé when you lack direct experience can feel like climbing a mountain in flip-flops, but it’s totally doable with the right approach. Begin by focusing on what you do have: skills, volunteer work, internships, and even personal projects can all serve as relevant experience.
- Start with a Clean Design: Use a simple layout without any clutter. Clear sections will make it easy for hiring managers to read. A straightforward format helps convey professionalism.
- Highlight Transferable Skills: Even if you’ve never held an official job, think about skills you’ve gained from other areas. Perhaps you managed a school project, helped in a family business, or organized community events. All these experiences can showcase your abilities in leadership, teamwork, and problem-solving.
- Include Relevant Coursework: If you've taken courses, either online or at a community center, that align closely with the job you're applying for, make sure to list them. This shows that you're proactive and eager to learn, which can impress potential employers.
- Craft a Strong Summary Statement: An impactful summary at the top can catch attention. Keep it succinct and tailor it to the job. This isn’t just a laundry list of skills; it should reflect your personality and career ambitions.
Remember, your resumé is not just a paper but a ticket to an interview.
"An effective resumé is not merely a record; it's a narrative of your potential and aspirations."
Effective Interview Techniques
Once your resumé does its job and lands you an interview, the next challenge is to ace it. Here, confidence mingles with preparation, anticipating questions and articulating your passion can make a marked difference. Let’s get into a couple of effective techniques:
- Research the Company: Understanding the company’s mission, values, and industry can greatly influence your responses. Tailor your answers to show how you align with their goals. It’s one thing to say you can do the job; it’s another to articulate how you can contribute to their vision.
- Prepare for Common Questions: You might encounter standard queries like "Tell me about yourself" or "What are your strengths?" Prepare concise answers that reflect your skills and relate them back to the job role. But don't rehearse too much; staying natural is crucial.
- Practice Active Listening: The interview isn’t just about what you can offer; it’s also about understanding what the employer seeks. Listen carefully to questions and make an effort to respond thoughtfully, showing that you’re engaged.
- Ask Insightful Questions: When the interviewer asks if you have any questions, having a few well-thought-out questions ready not only demonstrates your interest but also shows that you’ve done your homework. Questions about company culture or growth opportunities can indicate that you’re thinking long-term.
- Follow Up: After the interview, it’s polite to send a thank-you email. Thank the interviewer for their time and reiterate your enthusiasm for the position. This small gesture can leave a positive impression.
Navigating job applications can feel daunting, especially for those starting without the backing of a degree. However, with a focused approach to crafting résumés and honing interview skills, young adults can seize opportunities and chart their career paths.
Opportunities for Career Advancement
Navigating the job market can often feel like wandering through a maze, especially for young adults looking to carve out a career without pursuing a traditional degree. However, understanding the avenues for career advancement is crucial, as it can make the difference between remaining in entry-level roles and climbing the corporate ladder. Employers nowadays are recognizing the importance of skill and potential over formal credentials, opening doors for individuals willing to enhance their professional capabilities.
on-the-job Training and Certifications


One of the simplest yet effective ways to advance in a job is through on-the-job training. This approach allows workers to learn while actually clocking in. Many industries, from retail to technology, offer training programs that equip employees with necessary skills, enhancing their proficiency as they go along. Not only does this kind of training provide hands-on experience, but it also showcases an employee's commitment to their role.
Furthermore, pursuing certifications relevant to the field can be a game-changer. Certifications validate skills and knowledge in a specific area, making individuals more appealing to employers. Here are a few noteworthy points:
- Flexibility: Certifications often allow learners to study at their own pace, making it ideal for those who need to balance work and study.
- Networking Opportunities: Many certification programs host events, where participants can connect with industry professionals and peers.
- Higher Earning Potential: Individuals with certifications often command higher salaries compared to their non-certified counterparts.
- Career Mobility: Earning certifications can lead to promotions, as many employers prioritize those who take the initiative to enhance their qualifications.
Transferring Skills to New Roles
Another powerful aspect of career advancement is skill transferability. It’s astonishing how often the skills acquired in one job can seamlessly transition into another role, even if the fields differ. For example, someone who has honed customer service skills in a retail environment can easily pivot into a sales position.
Transferring skills not only builds professional versatility but also allows for broader career opportunities. Various skills that can be easily transferred include:
- Communication Skills: Essential in nearly every profession, strong communication can boost teamwork and customer rapport.
- Problem Solving: The ability to think critically and overcome obstacles is valued across various roles, from IT to management.
- Technical Skills: Whether it's proficiency in software or specializing in tools, these can often be applied in different industries.
- Leadership Abilities: Even informal leadership roles, such as leading a project or training a new employee, can be highlighted when seeking advancement.
By recognizing and effectively communicating their transferable skills, young adults can improve their chances of landing roles that offer not just immediate benefits, but also long-term career growth.
"The climb to success is easier when you take advantage of every opportunity to learn and grow in your field."
Understanding Financial Implications
In today’s world, financial literacy is a crucial part of living a balanced life. For many 21-year-olds without a college degree, comprehending the financial landscape can be daunting. However, grasping financial implications is vital for making informed career choices that align with both personal goals and societal expectations. By evaluating career paths through a financial lens, young adults can feel empowered to navigate their future with confidence.
Entry-Level Salaries and Wages
Understanding entry-level salaries is the first step in assessing potential earnings in various job roles. For instance, while positions in retail or food service typically offer lower starting wages—often between $10 to $15 per hour—some sectors like technology or trade professions may provide higher pay. An IT help desk technician, for example, could start at around $18 to $22 per hour, depending on the region.
These figures are not mere numbers; they represent the foundation upon which young adults can build their financial futures. Here are a few key points to consider regarding entry-level salaries:
- Regional Variances: Wages can significantly differ based on geographical location. Urban centers tend to offer higher pay, though the cost of living is also higher.
- Industry Differences: Fields like healthcare support or technology often promise better salary prospects than retail or hospitality roles.
- Growth Opportunities: Higher entry-level salaries sometimes correlate with greater long-term career growth, making sectors like IT attractive despite a lack of degree requirements.
Understanding where a role fits in the salary spectrum can guide decision-making about which industry to pursue.
Budgeting for Young Adults
After landing a job, the next step is handling finances wisely. Transitioning into financial independence means young adults must learn to budget effectively. Here are some core components to keep in mind:
- Track Income: Start with knowing how much you earn. This figure will guide your spending decisions.
- Identify Expenses: Create categories for fixed expenses—like rent or utility bills—and variable expenses, which might include groceries or entertainment.
- Save for Emergencies: It’s advisable to allocate funds for an emergency fund, generally three to six months’ worth of expenses.
- Invest in Yourself: Dedicating a portion of income to further training or certifications can enhance earning potential in the long run.
- Monitor and Adjust: Regularly review your budget and adjust it as job circumstances or personal needs change.
- Establish a clear view of monthly income after taxes.
- This will help in recognizing areas where spending might be trimmed.
- This cushion can provide immense peace of mind and prevent falling into debt during unexpected events.
- This is particularly relevant in fields where skill development can lead to promotions or raises.
- Staying flexible with your finances allows for better management of both income and expenses.
In summary, budgeting isn't just about making ends meet; it's about creating a pathway to financial stability and independence. For young adults, understanding financial implications can mean the difference between living paycheck to paycheck and laying the groundwork for a prosperous future.
Final Thoughts on Career Pathways
In the journey of uncovering suitable career avenues for 21-year-olds without a degree, it’s essential to navigate the landscape with clarity and intention. The job market today is not just a place where credentials rule; it’s also a realm where skills and adaptability can carry significant weight. These final thoughts emphasize the importance of making informed decisions that align with personal strengths, values, and aspirations.
Choosing the Right Job for You
One of the significant hurdles young adults face is the overwhelming choice of potential job roles. It’s crucial to recognize that choosing the right job is deeply personal—and it shouldn’t solely be about what pays the most or what seems popular. Consider the following factors:
- Interest and Passion: Engage in self-reflection to identify what truly piques your interest. If you love interacting with people, a role in customer service might be fitting. Conversely, those with a knack for hands-on tasks might thrive in trades such as plumbing or carpentry.
- Skillset Matching: Assess your skills honestly. If you’re a whiz with technology but lack people skills, seeking a back-office job in IT might be more beneficial than a front-facing sales job. Aligning job roles with your existing skillset can lead to greater job satisfaction.
- Growth Opportunities: Think about where a job can take you. It might not be about starting off with a high salary but rather finding a role that offers upward mobility or a pathway to gaining new skills and certifications. Roles in healthcare, for example, often come with the promise of career advancement.
"Choosing the right job is not just about the here and now; it’s about paving a pathway for future success and fulfillment."
The Role of Lifelong Learning
With the world changing faster than ever, the concept of lifelong learning has become pivotal. Still, what does it entail? For young adults who might not have a degree, this becomes even more critical. Here are some key points to consider:
- Skill Development: Constantly seek out avenues for skill enhancement. Online platforms like Coursera or Skillshare offer courses that can help you stay current and even develop new abilities that cater to emerging industries. Being proactive in learning not only boosts your skills but your confidence too.
- Networking and Exposure: Take every chance to meet new people within industries of interest. Attending workshops, local meetups, or even engaging in online discussions can provide insights that formal education might not offer. Building a network can sometimes lead to job opportunities that aren't even advertised.
- Adaptability: The ability to learn and adapt is what distinguishes resilient professionals in the job market. Embrace a mindset that welcomes change and sees value in learning from every experience. This flexibility is immensely valuable in sectors that are continuously evolving, like technology or healthcare.
In summary, as 21-year-olds step into the job market sans a degree, the pathway they choose can significantly impact their future. By understanding one’s unique interests and strengths, alongside a commitment to lifelong learning, the right opportunities can be seized. The world might not have rolled out the red carpet, but with determination and the right mindset, achieving success is very much within reach.